The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e. These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes paraffins, cycloalkanes naphthenes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds. However, the general trend for all crude oils is that the proportion of alkanes. These fractions are then modified by cracking, condensation, polymerization, and alkylation processes, and. Fundamentals of petroleum refining provides a thorough and balanced introduction to refinery engineering topics, from basic concepts and unit operations to overall refinery economics, planning and. Carbon atoms can form stable bonds to many other elements h, f, cl, br, i, o, n, s, p, etc. A manual inspection using a swing ladder 3 onto the. They have unique characteristics that set them apart from other chemical processes, including. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. Their properties, manufacture, and uses are described. Pdf nanotechnology has successfully gained applications in many areas of life. Thus the fractions taken contain mixtures of alkanes of similar boiling points see the table below.
It seems inevitable that the cost of hydrocarbon fuel will continue to rise as supply problems become more difficult. Learn more about petroleum refining, including its history and the various processes used to create the different products. General methods of preparation of alkanes wurtz reaction. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. The petroleum refining industry needs improved isomer separations, such as the separation of pxylene from other xylenes. The light gaseous hydrocarbons produced by catalytic cracking are highly unsaturated and are usually converted into highoctane gasoline components in polymerization or alkylation processes. The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane. Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons.
Betterquality gasoline usually contains a higher percentage of branchchain alkanes than the regular grade. Use of crude oil crude oil itself is known for more than 2000 years and had many uses in the mediterranean countries where it was found. Pressure and steam an interesting aspect of ethene production. Butanes are recovered from natural gas and petroleum refining streams. Chemical reactions of alkanes then will be discussed, with special emphasis on combus. The desulfurization of heavy oils and residua, james g. Acetylenebased chemicals from coal and other natural resources, robert j. Most organic compounds contain a few hydrogens, and sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc. For making models of alkanes, you can use toothpicks for bonds and plasticine balls for atoms.
Cracking is the most important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel. We intermediate between petroleum refineriestrading companies and petroleum product users in subsaharan africa. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Coal tar is an incredible mixture of compounds, mostly hydrocarbons, a substantial number of which are arenes. Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules, which define its physical and chemical properties, like color. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining 1st. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carboncarbon bonds are single. For example, heavy petroleum distillate products can contain low proportions of normal alkanes and isoprenoids when they are removed during earlier phases of the refining process as components of the light and middlerange distillates figure 5. The petrochemical industry, alkanes and alkenes activity 1. In many cases, graduates from the petroleum engineering department had to assume responsibilities in refining and petrochemical plants while many chemical engineers have been assigned jobs in the prospecting and oil field operations.
Rao programme director petroleum courses jntuk introduction. Process feedstocks, which consist of complex and wideboiling mixtures of hydrocarbons, whose exact compositions are unknown. It delivers indepth coverage of todays petroleum refining technologies, methods, and best practices. Organic chemistryalkanesethane wikibooks, open books. Chapter 1 alkanes 2 3 4 what do we mean by organic. Among others, it was used as building material in mortar and in egypt for the embalmment of corpses. The petrochemical industry, pressure and steam in ethene production. Natural gas is the principal source of methanes, ethanes, and propane. A homologous series of alkanes may be formed by adding additional methylene groups ch 2.
Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining. Fundamentals of petroleum and petrochemical engineering. In addition to carbon dioxide, water and heat a variety of. This authoritative resource will prove essential for anyone who needs current, expertly written coverage of the latest developments in the petroleum refining process industry. Alkanes are found in nature mainly in natural gas and crude oil from which they are produced on a technical scale in large amounts by distillation and extraction. Download in free pdf hydrocarbons are composed of carbon and hydrogen. And there is yet no answer to what will happen when the worlds limited quantities of petroleum and coal are exhausted. Intravenous or subcutaneous injection of petroleum compounds with intent of suicide or abuse is an extraordinary event that can result in local damage or systemic toxicity such as tissue necrosis, abscess formation, respiratory system failure. Supported by numerous illustrations and references, this book describes the chemistry and physics that occur during the refinery operations, and how the properties of petroleum can be translated into predictability in refinery scenarios. Refined fractions obtained during petroleum processing are mentioned in the following table. Chemical and physical properties of refined petroleum products. In the petroleum processing industries, this revolution is no exception. This fully revised fourth edition is a complete compendium of licensable technologies for the refining of petroleum and. The light hydrocarbons consist of olefins such as propylene and butylene and isoparaffins such as isobutane.
Crosscutting issues for the chemical and petroleum refining. It is a mixture of hundreds of different compounds. Transportation demands require that over 50% of the crude oil be converted into gasoline. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. The complexity of the phase behavior in petroleum fluids is due to the existence of the variety and polydispersity of hydrocarbons and other organic molecules in them. In this report, we present the various phasetransitions, which may occur in petroleum fluids, and we introduce a unified perspective of their phase behaviors. The chemistry and technology of petroleum, james g. It also converts aromatics to cyclic alkanes, olefins to alkanes. Cracking of ethane and propane to produce ethylene. Natural gas mainly consists of methane, ethane and small amounts of propane. Propane is the main component of liquified gas which, compressed in steel bottles, is being used as heating fuel. Modeling petroleum processes petroleum refining processes are highly complex and integrated. General methods of preparation of alkanes is the topic which has a potential of fetching a question in iit jee and jee mainadvanced examination very frequently.
Chapter 1 alkanes 6 11 whats so great about carbon. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives containing oxygen, sulphur,nitrogen and minor quantities of some other materials. An overview of refinery products and processes fsc 432. This text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. The oil trapped inside the rocks is known as petroleum. Alkanes a lthough this chapter is concerned with the chemistry of only one class of. The seminar focuses on the core refining processes of fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming, although all major processes are covered. The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc.
Petroleum refining, conversion of crude oil into useful products, including fuel oils, gasoline petrol, asphalt, and kerosene. Crude oil is a fossil fuel and one of the most important substances in the world. In everyday usage, the word organic can be found in several different contexts. In its gas form, propane is heavier than air, which means that it will sink to the lowest point and pool there. Petroleum refining petroleum refining polymerization and alkylation. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products 161 james g. Petroleum refinery engineering petroleum is a combustible oily liquid of reddish brown to almost black colour, produced from oilwells.
Alkylation, in petroleum refining, chemical process in which light, gaseous hydrocarbons are combined to produce highoctane components of gasoline. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkit. Kerosene contains c 10 to c 16 alkanes, while heating oil usually involves the c 12 to c 18 range. Crude oil is used to make fuels for transport heating generating electricity. Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. In polymerization, the light olefins propylene and butylene are induced to combine, or polymerize, into molecules of two or three. One barrel of crude petroleum contains only 3040% gasoline. Technologies of interest include highperformance liquid chromatography, crystallization, and zeolite and carbon molecular sieve membranes. It is a byproduct of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The series continues in this manner to include ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8, butane c 4 h 10, among others.
Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. At standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colorless, odorless gas. Pdf nanotechnology applications in petroleum refining. Evaluation of petroleum, thermal properties of petroleum fractions, important products, properties and test methods. Compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen saturated hydrocarbons. Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline. The molecules most formed are the smaller alkanes used in petrol, such as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane, the components of liquid petroleum gas. Growing refining overcapacity has resulted in recent refin. The demand for gasoline is much greater than that supplied by the gasoline fraction of petroleum. Crude oil distillation unit cdu is significant in refinery, and retrofitting a crude oil. Complex mixture of acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons petroleum refining refining. This section deals with wurtz reaction,frankland reaction. Introduction, products, refinerys configurations, hydrogen technologies faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. Mixtures of alkanes, fortunately, are perfectly suitable for uses as fuels, solvents, and lubricants, the primary uses of petroleum.
Encyclopedia of life support systems eolss, unesco. Hydrocarbon poisoning such as that of benzene and petroleum usually occurs accidentally by inhalation or ingestion of these cytotoxic chemical compounds. Mar 14, 2017 this fully revised fourth edition is a complete compendium of licensable technologies for the refining of petroleum and production of environmentally acceptable fuels and petrochemical intermediates. Because the design and construction of new processing units entail several years lead time, refiners are reluctant to commit these dollars for equipment that may no longer meet certain conditions when the units come on stream. During the refining process, crude oil is separated into fractions having similar boiling points. Petroleum refining and the hydrocarbons chemistry libretexts. Even longerchain alkanes are found in lubricating oil, c 15 to c 25 and paraffin wax used for candles and waxed paper, c 23 to c 29. Catalysis of organic reactions, edited by william r.
Because they use only single bonds, alkanes contain the maximum number of. Paraffins refer to alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, n and iso butane, n and iso pentane. Chemically resistant masonry, walter lee sheppard, jr. Petrochemical engineering petrochemical engineering i oil refinery processes presented by. Dehydration and desalting of crudes, heating of crude pipe still heaters, distillation of petroleum, blending of gasoline. Over 600 refineries worldwide have a total annual capacity of more than 3500 x 106 tonnes. Petroleum chemistry and refining applied energy technology. Sometimes, the absence of biodegradation is significant. For alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons, spring models can be constructed. Alkanes naturally occur in crude oil and are a major component of many fuels and solvents derived from petroleum.
This is exemplified by discussing the applications of nanotechnology in several typical petroleum refining processes, including catalytic cracking, oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes, and. Speight,2476 overland road, laramie, wy 820704808, usa 1. Coal and coal tar can be utilized to produce alkanes, but the technology involved is more complex and costly than petroleum refining. Although a more indepth discussion of chemical nomenclature is. In hydrocracking, crude oil is heated at very high pressure, usually around 5,000 kilopascals, in the presence of hydrogen, with a metallic catalyst such as platinum, nickel, or.
Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss acetaldehyde 3. The simplest alkane is methane ch 4, which consists of a single carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Alkanes are less dense than water and swim on top of water 2. Petroleum refiners must face billiondollar investments in equipment in order to meet everchanging environmental requirements. Propane is a very cleanburning fuel, producing mostly water and carbon dioxide during combustion. Ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas, and as a byproduct of petroleum refining. Cracking, in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalysts. Petroleum formed from the remains of microorganisms that lived in earths oceans millions of years ago. The petrochemical industry, the industrial production of ethene activity 2. Over time, the remains formed thick layers of mudlike deposits on the ocean floor. Within north america, recent demand for refined petroleum products has been flat to declining and is forecast to continue on this path. American society for testing and materials 1974, annual book of astm standards, part 23, petroleum. The oil in the petroleum field is covered with a gaseous mixture known as natural gas.
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